“The Elephant Man” is a poignant 1980 film directed by David Lynch, based on the true story of Joseph Merrick, a severely deformed man in 19th-century London. The film explores themes of humanity, compassion, and societal cruelty, offering a deeply moving narrative bolstered by powerful performances and artistic direction.
The film employs a range of literary devices to enhance its storytelling. Here are ten such devices with specific examples:
Symbolism
Movie Scene Device Example Merrick’s model of St. Philip’s Cathedral Represents his longing for normalcy and acceptance. The theatre audience scenes Symbolize society’s voyeuristic nature and lack of compassion.
Foreshadowing
Movie Scene Device Example Dr. Treves’ first encounter with Merrick Hints at the transformative impact Merrick will have on Treves. The ominous carnival atmosphere Previews the dehumanizing treatment Merrick will endure.
Irony
Movie Scene Device Example Merrick reciting “The Lord’s Prayer” Highlights the contrast between his physical appearance and his inner humanity. The well-dressed audience at the freak show Irony of their ‘civilized’ appearance versus their cruel behavior.
Imagery
Movie Scene Device Example The opening dream sequence Uses surreal imagery to convey the trauma of Merrick’s birth. The stark, monochrome cinematography Enhances the grim reality of Merrick’s existence.
Metaphor
Movie Scene Device Example Merrick’s physical deformities Metaphor for society’s moral deformities.Dr. Treves’ lectures on anatomy Metaphor for the clinical detachment with which society views Merrick.
Juxtaposition
Movie Scene Device Example Merrick’s dignified demeanor vs. his appearance Highlights the disparity between appearance and reality. The opulent homes vs. the squalid carnival Emphasizes class divisions and exploitation.
Pathos
Movie Scene Device Example Merrick’s breakdown in front of Treves Evokes deep sympathy from the audience. The hospital staff’s growing affection for Merrick Builds emotional connection with viewers.
Allegory
Movie Scene Device Example Merrick’s life story An allegory for the struggle for dignity and acceptance. The use of the Victorian setting Reflects broader societal issues of the era.
Motif
Movie Scene Device Example Repeated references to Merrick as a “monster” Highlights the theme of dehumanization. The recurring image of mirrors Represents self-perception and societal reflection.
Allusion
Movie Scene Device Example References to “Frankenstein” Draws parallels between Merrick and the misunderstood monster. Biblical references Suggests themes of redemption and suffering.
Character Studies
Joseph Merrick (The Elephant Man)
Literary Device Explanation Symbolism Merrick’s model building symbolizes his inner world and aspirations. Pathos His gentle nature and tragic circumstances evoke deep empathy.
Dr. Frederick Treves
Literary Device Explanation Juxtaposition His clinical detachment vs. growing emotional involvement with Merrick. Irony Initially seeing Merrick as a medical curiosity but later as a friend.
Mrs. Kendal
Literary Device Explanation Allegory Represents society’s potential for compassion and understanding. Metaphor Her friendship with Merrick symbolizes the breaking of social barriers.
Character Dynamics
The relationships between characters drive the narrative and underscore the film’s themes:
Merrick and Treves : Their evolving friendship illustrates themes of humanity and moral growth.Merrick and Mrs. Kendal : Showcases the power of compassion and acceptance.Treves and the Hospital Staff : Reflects the broader societal shift from viewing Merrick as a spectacle to recognizing his humanity.
Humanity and Compassion
Device Explanation Pathos Merrick’s interactions with kind individuals highlight the theme of compassion. Symbolism The hospital as a sanctuary for Merrick symbolizes a place of acceptance and humanity.
Society and Dehumanization
Device Explanation Irony The civilized society’s cruel treatment of Merrick contrasts their outward respectability. Juxtaposition The carnival scenes vs. the hospital scenes emphasize societal hypocrisy.
Isolation and Acceptance
Device Explanation Metaphor Merrick’s physical isolation mirrors his emotional and social isolation. Motif The repeated focus on Merrick’s face and deformities underscores his struggle for acceptance.
Visual and Sound Techniques
Literary Device Technique Explanation Symbolism Lighting and shadows Highlight Merrick’s inner turmoil and isolation. Pathos Music and sound design Evoke empathy and emotional depth in key scenes.
Scene Selection
Treves’ First Encounter with Merrick Watch on YouTube Breakdown : The scene uses foreshadowing and imagery to set the tone for the relationship between Treves and Merrick.Merrick’s Recitation of “The Lord’s Prayer” Watch on YouTube Breakdown : This scene employs irony and pathos , showcasing Merrick’s inner dignity against the backdrop of societal cruelty.Final Dream Sequence Watch on YouTube Breakdown : The dream sequence uses symbolism and surreal imagery to encapsulate Merrick’s life and aspirations.
Interactive Quiz:
Which literary device is used when Merrick’s model of St. Philip’s Cathedral is shown?
How does the film highlight the theme of society and dehumanization?
a) Through the use of bright colors
b) By contrasting the carnival and hospital scenes
c) Using only dialogue
What does Merrick’s relationship with Mrs. Kendal symbolize?
a) Isolation
b) Friendship
c) Breaking social barriers
