Wicked by Gregory Maguire: A Comprehensive Study Guide on Themes & Literary Devices

Introduction

Welcome to the magical and morally complex world of Wicked by Gregory Maguire! 🧙‍♀️✨ Released in 1995, this novel takes us on a journey that reimagines the land of Oz, giving a fresh perspective to what we thought we knew from L. Frank Baum’s classic, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. But here’s the twist: Wicked centers around the life of Elphaba, the misunderstood green-skinned witch famously known as the Wicked Witch of the West.

Contents

Gregory Maguire, an American novelist with a knack for retelling classic children’s stories with dark, intricate narratives for adults, masterfully crafts a tale that explores themes of good versus evil, the nature of wickedness, and the complexities of human (or witch!) nature. Maguire’s Wicked is the first in the The Wicked Years series, and it has not only captivated readers worldwide but also inspired a hugely successful Broadway musical.

Set against the backdrop of political intrigue and social unrest in Oz, Wicked is a genre-bending blend of fantasy, political drama, and social commentary. It challenges readers to question the true nature of evil and to sympathize with a character traditionally viewed as a villain. Get ready to see Oz like never before, through the eyes of one of its most notorious characters! 📚🔮

Plot Summary

Wicked by Gregory Maguire is a richly woven tapestry of fantasy, morality, and the pursuit of identity, set in the magical land of Oz. Here’s how the story unfolds:

Exposition — We are introduced to Elphaba, born with emerald-green skin, sharp intelligence, and a fiery spirit. The early years of her life reveal her as an outsider within her own family and society due to her appearance and fierce temperament.

Rising Action — Elphaba’s journey begins in earnest when she attends Shiz University, where she forms complex relationships with her roommate, Galinda (later Glinda, the Good Witch), and others. Her time at Shiz, marked by a growing awareness of Oz’s political unrest and injustice, particularly towards Animals (sentient, speaking animals), shapes her ideological and moral compass.

Climax — The assassination of her lover, Doctor Dillamond, a Goat and a professor at Shiz who was working to expose the Wizard’s corrupt policies, propels Elphaba toward her future as the so-called Wicked Witch. Her confrontation with the Wizard and Madame Morrible, who are behind the oppressive regime, marks the point of no return.

Falling Action — Following the climax, Elphaba’s life spirals into a series of tragic events that estrange her from her friends and family. Her attempts to fight the Wizard’s tyranny and her eventual isolation in the West lead her deeper into the path of being perceived as ‘wicked’.

Resolution — The story culminates with Dorothy’s arrival in Oz, which sets the stage for the final confrontation between Elphaba and the forces that oppose her. Despite her intentions, Elphaba’s life ends in ambiguity, with her death shrouded in mystery, leaving her legacy to be interpreted by those she leaves behind.

Throughout Wicked, we traverse the landscapes of Oz, from the bustling Emerald City to the dark, foreboding corners of the West. Each main event is a stepping stone in Elphaba’s journey from an outcast to the infamous Wicked Witch, challenging the very notions of good and evil.

Character Analysis

In Wicked, Gregory Maguire presents a cast of complex characters, each rich in depth and personality. Here’s a look into the main characters and their journeys:

Elphaba — The protagonist of our story, Elphaba is born with green skin, a sharp mind, and a spirit that challenges the status quo. Her journey from a misunderstood child to the infamous Wicked Witch of the West is marked by her deep sense of justice, her internal struggle with her identity and morality, and her ultimate isolation. Despite her fierce independence and strong ethical compass, she is often misunderstood and labeled as “wicked” by those who fear or disagree with her.
Galinda/Glinda — Starting as Elphaba’s shallow and self-centered roommate at Shiz University, Galinda undergoes significant character development. Her transformation into Glinda the Good Witch is not just about a change in name but reflects her growing awareness and empathy towards the complexities of Oz’s political landscape and her own privilege. Her friendship with Elphaba leaves a lasting impact, shaping her into a more compassionate and complex character.
The Wizard — A man of charisma and manipulation, the Wizard of Oz represents the corrupting influence of power and the complexities of moral ambiguity. His policies and actions, under the guise of maintaining order, reveal the oppressive and tyrannical side of his rule. His interactions with Elphaba highlight the clash between authoritarianism and resistance.
Madame Morrible — As the headmistress of Shiz University, Madame Morrible is a pivotal figure in Elphaba’s life. Her manipulative nature and ambition make her a formidable force in Oz’s political scene. She embodies the theme of power’s corruption and the moral compromises made in its pursuit.
Fiyero — Fiyero enters Elphaba’s life as a love interest, but his character represents much more. His transformation from a carefree prince to a committed ally in Elphaba’s cause against the Wizard’s tyranny signifies the personal costs of political and ethical awakening.
Nessarose — Elphaba’s sister, Nessarose, though physically disabled and later becoming the Wicked Witch of the East, navigates her own complex path of power, morality, and dependency. Her relationship with Elphaba is fraught with jealousy, love, and competition, reflecting the intricate dynamics of sibling relationships.

Here’s a summary table of their character arcs:

Character	Personality	Motivations	Development
Elphaba	Independent, ethical, misunderstood	Justice, equality, self-identity	From outcast to activist to ‘wicked’ witch
Galinda/Glinda	Shallow, then empathetic	Social acceptance, then justice	From privileged girl to enlightened witch
The Wizard	Charismatic, manipulative	Power, control	Revealed as a morally ambiguous tyrant
Madame Morrible	Ambitious, manipulative	Power, status	Maintains power through manipulation
Fiyero	Carefree, then serious	Love, justice	From prince to revolutionary
Nessarose	Jealous, dependent, then powerful	Love, acceptance, power	From dependent sister to authoritarian witch

Each character in Wicked is a study in contradictions, embodying the complexity of moral choices and the spectrum of good and evil.

Themes and Symbols

Wicked by Gregory Maguire is rich with themes and symbols that delve into the nature of good and evil, identity, and the socio-political dynamics of Oz. Here’s a deeper look:

Good vs. Evil — The central theme of Wicked challenges the traditional notions of good and evil. Through Elphaba’s journey and the contrasting paths of the characters around her, Maguire explores how morality is often a matter of perspective and circumstance, rather than an absolute.
Identity and Belonging — Elphaba’s struggle with her green skin and the societal rejection she faces speaks volumes about the search for identity and the human need to belong. Her journey reflects the internal battle many face in reconciling who they are with how the world perceives them.
Power and Corruption — Oz is a land where power dynamics play a crucial role in shaping the lives of its inhabitants. The Wizard’s authoritarian rule and Madame Morrible’s manipulations exemplify how power can corrupt and distort moral compasses for personal gain.
Nature vs. Nurture — Through the characters’ development, particularly Elphaba’s, the story questions whether individuals are born wicked or are made that way through their experiences and choices.
Symbols:
Elphaba’s Green Skin — Symbolizes otherness and societal rejection, but also uniqueness and potential for extraordinary impact.
The Clock of the Time Dragon — Represents fate and the inescapable nature of destiny, suggesting that certain events are preordained despite the characters’ efforts.
The Ruby Slippers — Not just a magical artifact but a symbol of power and desire, representing the things people yearn for and the lengths they will go to obtain them.

Each theme and symbol woven into the narrative of Wicked invites readers to ponder deeper questions about justice, acceptance, and the complexities of human (and witch) nature. Maguire’s use of Oz as a backdrop serves not only as a setting but also as a mirror to our world, challenging readers to reflect on the very essence of wickedness and morality.

Style and Tone

Gregory Maguire’s Wicked is a compelling exploration of the land of Oz with a narrative style and tone that set it apart from its predecessors. Here’s how:

Narrative Style — Maguire employs a sophisticated, descriptive narrative that weaves together themes of fantasy and reality. His style is rich with detail, creating a vivid and immersive world that is both familiar and entirely new. The narrative is interspersed with philosophical musings and political commentary, offering depth and complexity to the story.
Tone — The tone of Wicked varies throughout the novel, reflecting the complexities of its characters and themes. It ranges from dark and introspective to ironic and critical, especially in its examination of the nature of evil and the moral ambiguity of its characters. Maguire’s use of tone helps to build a multifaceted view of Oz, one that is far removed from the black-and-white morality of the original Baum series.
Use of Perspective — The novel is largely told from Elphaba’s point of view, offering insight into her thoughts and motivations. This choice of perspective invites readers to sympathize with a character traditionally viewed as a villain, challenging them to reconsider their preconceived notions of good and evil.
Language and Imagery — Maguire’s use of language is both eloquent and accessible, with a knack for creating striking imagery that brings the magical and often sinister landscape of Oz to life. His descriptions of settings, characters, and magical elements are meticulous and evocative, enhancing the overall atmosphere of the book.
Humor and Wit — Despite its often dark themes, Wicked is laced with humor and wit, particularly in its dialogue. This not only adds levity to the narrative but also showcases the intelligence and complexity of its characters, making them more relatable and human.
Interplay of Fantasy and Reality — One of Maguire’s most notable achievements in Wicked is his ability to blend elements of fantasy with real-world issues and themes, such as politics, injustice, and morality. This blending creates a story that is as thought-provoking as it is entertaining.

In Wicked, Gregory Maguire crafts a narrative that is as rich and complex as the world of Oz itself. Through his unique style and tone, he invites readers into a deeply layered story that challenges perceptions, asks bold questions, and entertains from the first page to the last.

Literary Devices used in Wicked

In Wicked, Gregory Maguire masterfully employs a range of literary devices to enrich the narrative, deepen the thematic concerns, and enhance the character development. Here are the top 10 literary devices used in the book, each playing a significant role in the storytelling:

Allusion — Maguire frequently alludes to L. Frank Baum’s The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and other related texts, creating a rich intertextual dialogue that adds layers of meaning to the story. This device bridges the gap between Baum’s world and Maguire’s, inviting readers to explore the contrasts and continuities between them.
Foreshadowing — The use of subtle hints and clues about future events in the story builds suspense and anticipation, particularly regarding Elphaba’s transformation into the Wicked Witch and the political upheavals in Oz.
Irony — There is a pervasive use of irony in Wicked, especially in character dialogues and the narrative voice, which often contrasts the characters’ intentions with the outcomes of their actions, highlighting the complexity and unpredictability of life in Oz.
Metaphor — Maguire uses metaphors to deepen the reader’s understanding of characters and themes, such as Elphaba’s green skin representing otherness and the struggle for acceptance.
Personification — Inanimate objects and abstract concepts are often given human qualities, as seen with the Clock of the Time Dragon, which serves not just as a plot device but as a symbol with its own “intentions.”
Simile — Similes are used to draw comparisons that illuminate aspects of characters and settings, enhancing the vividness of the narrative and the immersive quality of the fantasy world.
Symbolism — Many elements in Wicked carry symbolic weight, from Elphaba’s green skin to the ruby slippers, each adding depth to the story’s exploration of identity, power, and morality.
Theme — The exploration of themes such as the nature of evil, the complexity of moral choices, and the quest for identity is achieved through the interactions and development of characters, setting, and plot.
Tone — The tone of Wicked shifts throughout the novel, reflecting the evolving perspectives and emotional states of the characters, particularly Elphaba, as she grapples with her identity and moral convictions.
Imagery — Maguire employs vivid imagery to bring the magical and often eerie world of Oz to life, using detailed descriptions that engage the senses and evoke a strong emotional response from the reader.

These literary devices are integral to the texture of Wicked, enriching the narrative and providing readers with a multifaceted experience of Oz that is both familiar and entirely new.

Literary Devices Examples

Let’s explore examples and explanations for each of the top 10 literary devices used in Wicked by Gregory Maguire, illustrating how these techniques contribute to the depth and richness of the narrative.

Allusion

Example 1: The references to characters and locations from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.
Example 2: Elphaba’s transformation into the Wicked Witch, a direct nod to Baum’s original witch.
Example 3: The mention of Dorothy and her house coming from Kansas, linking the novel to its source material.
Explanation: These allusions create a bridge between Maguire’s work and Baum’s, enriching the story with layers of intertextual meaning and providing a nuanced perspective on familiar characters and themes.

Foreshadowing

Example 1: Early mentions of Elphaba’s unusual interest in animals and her sympathy towards them hint at her future activism.
Example 2: The Clock of the Time Dragon’s cryptic performances hint at future events and truths about the characters.
Example 3: Madame Morrible’s interest in Elphaba and her friends foreshadows their roles in the political unrest in Oz.
Explanation: Foreshadowing in Wicked builds anticipation and suspense, subtly preparing the reader for upcoming revelations and twists in the narrative.

Irony

Example 1: Elphaba’s efforts to do good often result in her being seen as wicked.
Example 2: The Wizard’s public persona as a benevolent ruler contrasts with his manipulative and oppressive actions.
Example 3: Glinda’s transformation from a superficial girl to a powerful witch, yet she cannot alter public perception of Elphaba.
Explanation: Irony underscores the complexities of perception and reality in Oz, challenging readers to question assumptions about good, evil, and the nature of power.

Metaphor

Example 1: Elphaba’s green skin as a metaphor for otherness and social exclusion.
Example 2: The Emerald City as a representation of illusionary power and superficiality.
Example 3: The journey through the dark forest symbolizing Elphaba’s inner turmoil and isolation.
Explanation: Metaphors enrich the narrative by allowing for deeper interpretations of characters and their experiences, adding layers of meaning to the story’s themes.

Personification

Example 1: The Clock of the Time Dragon is described as knowing and seeing beyond the present, giving it a life-like quality.
Example 2: The wind speaking to Elphaba in whispers, guiding her decisions.
Example 3: The flying monkeys are given personalities and emotions, blurring the lines between human and animal.
Explanation: Personification in Wicked adds depth to the magical elements of Oz, making the world more immersive and emotionally resonant.

Simile

Example 1: Elphaba’s laughter is compared to “a brook trickling over cold stones,” illustrating her rare moments of joy.
Example 2: The political climate in Oz is likened to “a storm brewing on the horizon,” foreshadowing conflict.
Example 3: Glinda’s beauty is described as “like the sun coming out from behind clouds,” highlighting her charisma.
Explanation: Similes enhance the descriptive quality of the narrative, helping readers visualize characters and settings more vividly.

Symbolism

Example 1: Elphaba’s green skin symbolizes difference and the social stigma attached to it.
Example 2: The ruby slippers represent power and the lengths individuals will go to achieve their desires.
Example 3: The broom Elphaba flies on symbolizes her freedom and defiance against societal norms.
Explanation: Symbolism in Wicked allows for multifaceted interpretations of the story’s key themes, enriching the reader’s understanding of the narrative.

Theme

Example 1: The exploration of good vs. evil through the lives of Elphaba and the other characters.
Example 2: The questioning of identity and belonging, illustrated by Elphaba’s struggle for acceptance.
Example 3: The critique of power and corruption, as seen in the Wizard’s rule over Oz.
Explanation: Themes are central to Wicked, guiding the narrative and prompting readers to reflect on complex moral questions.

Tone

Example 1: The whimsical yet dark tone in describing Oz, reflecting its magical but troubled nature.
Example 2: The cynical tone used when discussing the politics of Oz, critiquing the corruption and manipulation.
Example 3: The introspective tone in Elphaba’s thoughts, revealing her inner conflicts and desires.
Explanation: The tone of Wicked varies to match the narrative’s emotional landscape, enriching the storytelling and deepening the reader’s engagement with the text.

Imagery

Example 1: The vivid descriptions of the Emerald City, with its towering spires and green glow.
Example 2: The portrayal of Elphaba’s fiery spells, illuminating her power and the beauty of magic.
Example 3: The stark contrast between the poverty in Munchkinland and the opulence of the Emerald City.
Explanation: Imagery in Wicked plays a crucial role in building the world of Oz, making it a tangible and mesmerizing place for the reader.

Wicked – FAQs

What is the main theme of Wicked by Gregory Maguire?
The main theme of Wicked revolves around the nature of good and evil, exploring how these concepts are not always clear-cut and can depend greatly on perspective and context. It also delves into identity, acceptance, and the complexities of moral judgment.

Who is the protagonist of Wicked?
The protagonist of Wicked is Elphaba, later known as the Wicked Witch of the West. The novel follows her life from birth to her eventual death, providing a deep dive into her motivations, struggles, and the events that lead her to be labeled as “wicked.”

How does Wicked connect to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz?
Wicked serves as a prequel and a parallel narrative to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, providing backstory to the Wicked Witch of the West and other characters from Baum’s world. It reimagines the land of Oz with a more adult-oriented perspective, filling in the gaps and offering a new viewpoint on the classic tale.

Is Wicked suitable for children?
While Wicked is based on a world familiar to children, its themes, language, and some of its content are more suited to older readers. It deals with complex issues such as politics, morality, and death, making it more appropriate for teenagers and adults.

Did Wicked inspire any adaptations?
Yes, Wicked inspired a highly successful Broadway musical of the same name, which has received numerous awards and has been performed worldwide. The musical, while based on the novel, makes several changes to the story and characters, adapting the narrative for the stage.

Can Wicked be read independently of the other books in the series?
Yes, Wicked can be read as a standalone novel. It provides a complete story arc of Elphaba’s life. However, readers who enjoy Wicked may also find depth and additional context by reading the subsequent books in The Wicked Years series, which explore other characters and aspects of Oz.

What makes Wicked different from the original Oz stories?
Wicked differs from the original Oz stories by offering a darker, more complex examination of the world of Oz and its inhabitants. It challenges the binary notions of good and evil presented in the original tales, providing a nuanced exploration of character motivations and the socio-political landscape of Oz.

Quiz

Question	A	B	C	D	Answer
What is Elphaba’s birth defect?	She has wings.	She can’t speak.	She has green skin.	She is blind.	C
Who is Elphaba’s roommate at Shiz University?	Madame Morrible	Nessarose	Galinda	Dorothy	C
What does Elphaba hope to achieve by meeting the Wizard?	To become his apprentice	To find a cure for her green skin	To gain magical powers	To advocate for the rights of Animals	D
Which character eventually becomes the Wicked Witch of the East?	Galinda	Nessarose	Elphaba	Madame Morrible	B
What symbolizes Elphaba’s transformation into the Wicked Witch of the West?	Her broom	The ruby slippers	Her green skin	The silver shoes	A
How does Elphaba die?	She is melted by water.	She falls from a tower.	She is killed by the Wizard.	The cause is ambiguous.	D
*What is the primary theme of Wicked?*	The importance of friendship	The nature of good and evil	The power of love	The dangers of unchecked power	B
*Who is the author of Wicked?*	L. Frank Baum	J.K. Rowling	Gregory Maguire	Stephen King	C
Which character is NOT a creation of Gregory Maguire?	Fiyero	The Wizard	Dorothy	Boq	C
*What is the setting of Wicked?*	The Land of Oz	Narnia	Middle Earth	Neverland	A

This quiz is designed to test your comprehension of Wicked by Gregory Maguire, covering key plot points, characters, and themes.

Exercise

Spot the Literary Devices

Read the following paragraph from Wicked by Gregory Maguire, and identify the literary devices used. Write your answers below the separator line.

Elphaba, feeling as outcast as the moon during the day, wandered the yellow brick roads of Oz. The wind whispered secrets only she could understand, a symphony of sorrows and unspoken dreams. Her heart, a cauldron of untapped magic, beat with the rhythm of the land itself. In her veins flowed the defiance of rivers carving canyons, unstoppable and free. The world saw her as wicked, but she knew her truth lay in the shades of grey, between the pages of the stories they refused to read.

Answers:

Simile — “feeling as outcast as the moon during the day” compares Elphaba’s feeling of isolation to the invisibility of the moon during daylight, using “as” for the comparison.
Personification — “The wind whispered secrets” gives the wind human characteristics, suggesting it communicates with Elphaba.
Metaphor — “Her heart, a cauldron of untapped magic,” compares her heart to a cauldron, implying it’s full of potential and power.
Imagery — “The defiance of rivers carving canyons, unstoppable and free” creates a vivid image of natural forces, mirroring Elphaba’s own spirit.
Symbolism — “The world saw her as wicked, but she knew her truth lay in the shades of grey” uses the concept of “shades of grey” to symbolize the complexity of morality and identity beyond simplistic notions of good and evil.