By Robertson Davies
Introduction
📖 Fifth Business by Robertson Davies is a compelling novel that delves into the complexities of identity, destiny, and personal responsibility. Published in 1970, this book is the first installment of Davies’s “Deptford Trilogy,” a series exploring the intertwined lives of its characters. Robertson Davies, a renowned Canadian author, masterfully combines elements of myth, psychology, and personal drama to craft a narrative that is both thought-provoking and richly layered.
Set against the backdrop of the fictional town of Deptford, the novel examines the life of Dunstan Ramsay, a man who finds himself in the role of a “fifth business”—a term borrowed from theater, referring to a character who, while not central to the plot, plays a crucial supporting role. The story’s exploration of personal destiny and the influence of myth on individual lives makes it a fascinating read for anyone interested in psychology, literature, and the human condition.
Plot Summary
Plot Summary
Fifth Business follows the life of Dunstan Ramsay, a man whose life is deeply influenced by an incident from his childhood. Here’s a detailed breakdown of the plot:
- Exposition: The novel opens with a flashback to the early 1900s in the small Canadian town of Deptford. Dunstan Ramsay recounts his childhood, focusing on a significant event: a snowball fight in which a young classmate, Percy Boyd Staunton, throws a snowball that causes a serious injury to another student, Mary Dempster. This event sets the stage for the novel’s exploration of fate and responsibility.
- Rising Action: As Dunstan grows up, he becomes a scholar and an academic, deeply influenced by his experiences and the people around him. He develops a fascination with saints and mythology, partly as a response to his childhood experience with Mary Dempster, who is later revealed to have a significant impact on his life. Dunstan’s path intersects with Staunton’s in various ways, including professional and personal encounters.
- Climax: The climax occurs when Dunstan discovers that Mary Dempster, whom he has considered a saint, is not as virtuous as he had believed. This realization comes to a head when Dunstan learns more about Staunton’s life and the impact of his actions on Mary. This moment of truth forces Dunstan to confront his own beliefs and responsibilities.
- Falling Action: Dunstan’s understanding of his role as a “fifth business” becomes clearer as he reflects on his interactions with Staunton and Mary Dempster. He comes to terms with the fact that he has been a significant yet indirect player in the lives of those around him. His personal journey leads him to a deeper understanding of his own identity and the nature of his life’s purpose.
- Resolution: The novel concludes with Dunstan coming to peace with his past and his role in the lives of others. He achieves a sense of closure regarding his relationships with Staunton and Mary Dempster. The resolution reflects the novel’s exploration of destiny and the impact of seemingly minor actions on the larger tapestry of life.
Character Analysis
Character Analysis
Fifth Business features a rich cast of characters, each contributing to the novel’s exploration of identity and destiny. Here’s an in-depth look at the main characters:
- Dunstan Ramsay: The protagonist and narrator, Dunstan is an introspective and thoughtful individual. His childhood experience with Mary Dempster shapes his life, leading him to become a scholar with a deep interest in saints and mythology. Dunstan is motivated by a sense of responsibility and a desire to understand his own role in the world. His character evolves from a passive observer to an active seeker of truth and self-awareness.
- Percy Boyd Staunton: A central figure in Dunstan’s life, Percy is ambitious, self-assured, and somewhat ruthless. His actions, including the snowball incident, have far-reaching consequences for those around him. Percy’s character contrasts sharply with Dunstan’s, highlighting themes of power, control, and moral ambiguity.
- Mary Dempster: Initially perceived by Dunstan as a saintly figure, Mary is a central catalyst for the novel’s events. Her influence on Dunstan’s life is profound, though her own life takes unexpected and tragic turns. Mary represents the theme of misjudged virtue and the impact of personal crises on one’s perception of others.
- Leola Staunton: Percy’s wife, Leola is a sympathetic character whose life is overshadowed by her husband’s dominance. She represents the personal sacrifices and emotional turmoil experienced by those in the periphery of Percy’s ambitions.
- Paul Dempster: Mary’s son, Paul, is a magician who becomes a significant figure in the novel. His character reflects the themes of transformation and the quest for personal identity.
| Character | Description | Development |
|---|---|---|
| Dunstan Ramsay | Thoughtful, introspective scholar with a complex past. | Grows from a passive observer to an active seeker of truth. |
| Percy Boyd Staunton | Ambitious, self-assured, and somewhat ruthless. | His actions have significant impacts on others. |
| Mary Dempster | Initially seen as a saintly figure, later revealed to be complex. | Her true nature affects Dunstan’s understanding of virtue. |
| Leola Staunton | Percy’s wife, whose life is affected by Percy’s dominance. | Represents personal sacrifice and emotional struggle. |
| Paul Dempster | Mary’s son, a magician with a complex relationship to his past. | Symbolizes transformation and the search for identity. |
Themes and Symbols
Themes and Symbols
Themes:
- Identity and Self-Discovery: The novel explores how personal identity is shaped by experiences, beliefs, and relationships. Dunstan’s journey reflects his quest for understanding his role and purpose in life.
- Fate and Responsibility: Fifth Business examines the idea of destiny and the impact of individual actions. The concept of “fifth business” highlights the role of minor characters in the grand scheme of life and the responsibilities that come with their roles.
- The Influence of Myth and Religion: The book delves into the role of saints and mythology in shaping personal beliefs and perceptions. Dunstan’s fascination with saints reflects his search for meaning and understanding.
- Power and Ambition: Percy Boyd Staunton’s character embodies themes of power and ambition, illustrating how these traits can lead to both success and moral compromise.
Symbols:
- The Snowball: The incident with the snowball serves as a symbol of unintended consequences and the ripple effect of seemingly small actions on individuals’ lives.
- Saints and Mythology: Saints and mythological references symbolize the search for meaning and the ways in which individuals construct their own narratives and beliefs.
- The Deptford Trilogy: The setting of Deptford symbolizes the intersection of personal history and collective experience, providing a backdrop for exploring broader themes of identity and destiny.
Style and Tone
Style and Tone
Robertson Davies’s writing style in Fifth Business is marked by its rich narrative voice and intricate structure. Here’s an overview:
- Descriptive and Detailed: Davies’s use of vivid descriptions and detailed observations helps bring the world of Deptford to life. His attention to detail creates a vivid and immersive reading experience.
- Introspective and Reflective: The narrative is deeply introspective, particularly through Dunstan Ramsay’s reflections on his life and experiences. This introspective tone adds depth to the character’s personal journey.
- Engaging and Thought-Provoking: Davies combines engaging storytelling with thought-provoking themes. The novel encourages readers to reflect on their own beliefs and the nature of their roles in life.
- Blend of Realism and Myth: Davies skillfully blends realistic portrayal with mythological elements, creating a narrative that is both grounded and fantastical.
- Witty and Observant: The author’s wit and keen observations add a layer of complexity to the narrative, making it both entertaining and intellectually stimulating.
Literary Devices used in Fifth Business
**1. *Foreshadowing*
- Foreshadowing is used to hint at future events or developments in the narrative. In Fifth Business, Davies employs foreshadowing to build anticipation and provide clues about the unfolding story.
**2. *Symbolism*
- Symbolism is used to represent larger concepts through symbols. In the novel, various symbols, such as the snowball and saints, carry deeper meanings that contribute to the novel’s themes.
**3. *Irony*
- Irony involves a contrast between expectations and reality. Davies uses irony to highlight the discrepancies between characters’ perceptions and the actual outcomes of their actions.
**4. *Imagery*
- Imagery creates vivid mental pictures through descriptive language. The novel’s rich imagery enhances the reader’s experience by vividly depicting settings and emotions.
**5. *Metaphor*
- Metaphor involves comparing one thing to another for symbolic meaning. Davies uses metaphors to convey complex ideas and themes, enriching the narrative.
**6. *Simile*
- Simile compares two different things using “like” or “as.” In the novel, similes help to clarify descriptions and deepen the reader’s understanding of characters and events.
**7. *Personification*
- Personification gives human qualities to non-human entities. Davies uses personification to imbue objects and concepts with emotional and symbolic significance.
**8. *Allusion*
- Allusion refers to indirect references to other works or historical events. The novel’s allusions to saints and mythology enrich the story’s themes and connections.
**9. *Dialogue*
- Dialogue reveals character traits and advances the plot. The conversations between characters in Fifth Business provide insights into their motivations and relationships.
**10. *Stream of Consciousness*
- Stream of Consciousness captures the flow of thoughts and feelings. Davies uses this technique to delve into characters’ internal experiences and psychological states.
Literary Devices Examples
Foreshadowing
| Example | Explanation |
|---|---|
| The mention of Dunstan’s future role as a “fifth business” early in the novel. | Hints at the significant role Dunstan will play in the lives of others. |
| Dunstan’s reflection on the snowball incident before revealing its impact. | Builds anticipation for the event’s consequences. |
| The depiction of Mary Dempster’s troubled life before her impact on Dunstan is fully revealed. | Foreshadows the complex relationship between Dunstan and Mary. |
Symbolism
| Example | Explanation |
|---|---|
| The snowball incident symbolizes the unintended consequences of actions. | Represents how small actions can have significant impacts. |
| Saints in Dunstan’s studies symbolize personal quest for meaning and understanding. | Reflects Dunstan’s search for purpose and identity. |
| Deptford as a setting symbolizes the intersection of personal and collective experiences. | Highlights the connection between individual lives and broader themes. |
Irony
| Example | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Dunstan’s belief in Mary Dempster’s sainthood contrasts with the reality of her life. | Highlights the discrepancy between perception and reality. |
| Percy Boyd Staunton’s ambition leads to personal and moral compromise. | Irony lies in the contrast between his public success and private failings. |
| Dunstan’s role as a “fifth business” is crucial yet secondary to the main plot. | Emphasizes the ironic significance of his supporting role. |
Imagery
| Example | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Descriptions of the Deptford landscape create a vivid setting. | Enhances the reader’s sense of place and atmosphere. |
| Imagery of the snowball fight vividly portrays the pivotal incident. | Helps readers visualize and emotionally connect with the event. |
| Detailed portrayal of Dunstan’s scholarly environment evokes his intellectual world. | Adds depth to Dunstan’s character and background. |
Metaphor
| Example | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Dunstan’s life as a “fifth business” is a metaphor for his role in the lives of others. | Represents his supportive yet crucial role. |
| The city of Deptford as a “stage” for the characters’ lives. | Highlights the theatrical and performative aspects of their interactions. |
| Dunstan’s quest for meaning compared to a “pilgrimage.” | Symbolizes his search for personal and spiritual understanding. |
Simile
| Example | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Dunstan’s thoughts compared to a “storm of leaves.” | Conveys the turbulence and complexity of his internal reflections. |
| Percy’s ambitions “like a runaway train.” | Illustrates the unstoppable and intense nature of his drive. |
| Mary Dempster’s influence on Dunstan “like a shadow.” | Represents the pervasive and lingering impact of her presence. |
Personification
| Example | Explanation |
|---|---|
| The city of Deptford “welcoming” rats. | Gives the city human-like qualities, emphasizing its role in the narrative. |
| The snowball “flying” with intent. | Personifies the snowball to highlight its significance in the plot. |
| Dunstan’s emotions “whispering” secrets. | Imbues emotions with human qualities, enhancing the introspective tone. |
Allusion
| Example | Explanation |
|---|---|
| References to historical saints and their stories. | Connects the novel to broader religious and mythological contexts. |
| Allusions to classical literature about fate and destiny. | Enriches the novel’s exploration of themes related to personal responsibility. |
| Mentions of folklore and mythology throughout the narrative. | Provides a framework for understanding the characters’ beliefs and actions. |
Dialogue
| Example | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Conversations between Dunstan and Percy reveal their contrasting values. | Highlights the tension and differing perspectives between the characters. |
| Dunstan’s discussions about saints with his colleagues. | Provides insight into his intellectual interests and personal beliefs. |
| Leola’s exchanges with Percy illustrate her emotional struggles. | Adds depth to her character and highlights the personal impact of Percy’s ambition. |
Stream of Consciousness
| Example | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Dunstan’s inner reflections on his past and present. | Provides a deep dive into his thoughts and emotions, enhancing character development. |
| The narrative’s focus on Dunstan’s subjective experiences. | Captures the flow of his consciousness, offering a nuanced understanding of his psychological state. |
| Dunstan’s contemplation of his role in others’ lives. | Reveals his internal conflicts and search for meaning. |
FAQs
Fifth Business – FAQs
Q: What is the central theme of Fifth Business?
A: The central theme of Fifth Business is the exploration of identity and personal responsibility, with a focus on how individuals play roles in the lives of others and the impact of seemingly minor actions.
Q: How does Robertson Davies use mythology in Fifth Business?
A: Davies uses mythology as a framework for understanding the characters and their actions. The novel incorporates elements of saints and mythological figures to explore themes of destiny and personal transformation.
Q: What is the significance of the title Fifth Business?
A: The title refers to a theatrical term for a character who, while not central to the main plot, plays a crucial supporting role. In the novel, it symbolizes Dunstan Ramsay’s role in the lives of others and his journey to understand his own significance.
Q: How does the setting of Deptford contribute to the novel?
A: Deptford serves as both a literal and symbolic setting, reflecting the interplay between personal history and broader themes. It provides a backdrop for the novel’s exploration of identity, destiny, and the impact of small actions.
Q: What role does the snowball incident play in the novel?
A: The snowball incident is a pivotal event that sets off a chain of consequences affecting the lives of several characters. It symbolizes the unintended effects of actions and serves as a catalyst for Dunstan Ramsay’s personal journey.
Quiz
| Question | Options |
|---|---|
| 1. What does the term “fifth business” refer to in the context of the novel? | A) A primary character B) A supporting role C) A secondary plot D) A central theme |
| 2. Who is the protagonist of Fifth Business? | A) Percy Boyd Staunton B) Mary Dempster C) Dunstan Ramsay D) Paul Dempster |
| 3. What event sets the story’s main plot into motion? | A) A magical performance B) A snowball fight C) A political scandal D) A religious awakening |
| 4. Which theme is central to the novel? | A) Love and romance B) Power and corruption C) Identity and destiny D) War and peace |
| 5. How does Dunstan Ramsay view Mary Dempster initially? | A) As a saint B) As a villain C) As a mentor D) As an enemy |
Exercise
Spot the literary devices used in the following paragraph from Fifth Business:
“The snowball flew through the air with the grace of a swan, a harbinger of the chaos that was to come. It struck Mary Dempster, and in that instant, the world seemed to hold its breath, as if nature itself was pausing to witness the unfolding drama.”
Answers:
- Simile: “The snowball flew through the air with the grace of a swan” compares the snowball’s movement to a swan, creating a vivid image of its trajectory.
- Foreshadowing: “A harbinger of the chaos that was to come” hints at the significant consequences of the snowball incident.
- Personification: “The world seemed to hold its breath” gives human-like qualities to the world, emphasizing the gravity of the moment.